Reading Help How to speak and write correctly Ch.I-VI
`
` A _verb_ is a word which implies action or the doing of something, or it `
` may be defined as a word which affirms, commands or asks a question. `
` `
` Thus, the words _John the table_, contain no assertion, but when the word `
` _strikes_ is introduced, something is affirmed, hence the word _strikes_ `
` is a verb and gives completeness and meaning to the group. `
` `
` The simple form of the verb without inflection is called the _root_ of `
` the verb; _e. g. love_ is the root of the verb,--"To Love." `
` `
` Verbs are _regular_ or _irregular_, _transitive_ or _intransitive_. `
` `
` A verb is said to be _regular_ when it forms the past tense by adding `
` _ed_ to the present or _d_ if the verb ends in _e_. When its past tense `
` does not end in _ed_ it is said to be _irregular_. `
` `
` A _transitive_ verb is one the action of which passes over to or affects `
` some object; as "I struck the table." Here the action of striking `
` affected the object table, hence struck is a transitive verb. `
` `
` An _intransitive_ verb is one in which the action remains with the subject; `
` as _"I walk,"_ _"I sit,"_ _"I run."_ `
` `
` Many intransitive verbs, however, can be used transitively; thus, "I _walk_ `
` the horse;" _walk_ is here transitive. `
` `
` Verbs are inflected by _number_, _person_, _tense_ and _mood_. `
` `
` _Number_ and _person_ as applied to the verb really belong to the `
` subject; they are used with the verb to denote whether the assertion is `
` made regarding one or more than one and whether it is made in reference `
` to the person speaking, the person spoken to or the person or thing `
` spoken about. `
` `
` `
` TENSE `
` `
` In their tenses verbs follow the divisions of time. They have _present `
` tense_, _past tense_ and _future tense_ with their variations to express `
` the exact time of action as to an event happening, having happened or yet `
` to happen. `
` `
` `
` MOOD `
` `
` There are four simple moods,--the _Infinitive_, the _Indicative_, the `
` _Imperative_ and the _Subjunctive_. `
` `
` The Mood of a verb denotes the mode or manner in which it is used. Thus `
` if it is used in its widest sense without reference to person or number, `
` time or place, it is in the _Infinitive_ Mood; as "To run." Here we are `
` not told who does the running, when it is done, where it is done or `
` anything about it. `
` `
` When a verb is used to indicate or declare or ask a simple question or `
` make any direct statement, it is in the _Indicative_ Mood. "The boy loves `
` his book." Here a direct statement is made concerning the boy. "Have you `
` a pin?" Here a simple question is asked which calls for an answer. `
` `
` When the verb is used to express a command or entreaty it is in the `
` _Imperative_ Mood as, "Go away." "Give me a penny." `
` `
` When the verb is used to express doubt, supposition or uncertainty or `
` when some future action depends upon a contingency, it is in the `
` subjunctive mood; as, "If I come, he shall remain." `
` `
` Many grammarians include a fifth mood called the _potential_ to express `
` _power_, _possibility_, _liberty_, _necessity_, _will_ or _duty_. It is `
` formed by means of the auxiliaries _may_, _can_, _ought_ and _must_, but `
` in all cases it can be resolved into the indicative or subjunctive. Thus, `
` in "I may write if I choose," "may write" is by some classified as in the `
` potential mood, but in reality the phrase _I may write_ is an indicative `
` one while the second clause, _if I choose_, is the expression of a `
` condition upon which, not my liberty to write, depends, but my actual `
` writing. `
` `
` Verbs have two participles, the present or imperfect, sometimes called `
` the _active_ ending in _ing_ and the past or perfect, often called the `
` _passive_, ending in _ed_ or _d_. `
` `
` The _infinitive_ expresses the sense of the verb in a substantive form, `
` the participles in an adjective form; as "To rise early is healthful." `
` "An early rising man." "The newly risen sun." `
` `
` The participle in _ing_ is frequently used as a substantive and `
` consequently is equivalent to an infinitive; thus, "To rise early is `
` healthful" and "Rising early is healthful" are the same. `
` `
` The principal parts of a verb are the Present Indicative, Past Indicative `
` and Past Participle; as: `
` `
` Love Loved Loved `
` `
` Sometimes one or more of these parts are wanting, and then the verb is `
` said to be defective. `
` `
` `
` Present Past Passive Participle `
` `
` Can Could (Wanting) `
` May Might " `
` Shall Should " `
` Will Would " `
` Ought Ought " `
` `
` `
` Verbs may also be divided into _principal_ and _auxiliary_. A _principal_ `
` verb is that without which a sentence or clause can contain no assertion `
` or affirmation. An _auxiliary_ is a verb joined to the root or participles `
` of a principal verb to express time and manner with greater precision `
` than can be done by the tenses and moods in their simple form. Thus, the `
` sentence, "I am writing an exercise; when I shall have finished it I `
` shall read it to the class." has no meaning without the principal verbs `
` _writing_, _finished read_; but the meaning is rendered more definite, `
` especially with regard to time, by the auxiliary verbs _am_, _have_, `
` _shall_. `
` `
` There are nine auxiliary or helping verbs, viz., _Be_, _have_, _do_, `
` _shall_, _will_, _may_, _can_, _ought_, and _must_. They are called `
` helping verbs, because it is by their aid the compound tenses are formed. `
` `
` `
` TO BE `
` `
` The verb _To Be_ is the most important of the auxiliary verbs. It has `
` eleven parts, viz., _am, art, is, are, was, wast, were, wert; be, being_ `
` and _been_. `
` `
` `
` VOICE `
` `
` The _active voice_ is that form of the verb which shows the Subject not `
` being acted upon but acting; as, "The cat _catches_ mice." "Charity `
` _covers_ a multitude of sins." `
` `
` The _passive voice_: When the action signified by a transitive verb is `
` thrown back upon the agent, that is to say, when the subject of the verb `
` denotes the recipient of the action, the verb is said to be in the `
` passive voice. "John was loved by his neighbors." Here John the subject `
` is also the object affected by the loving, the action of the verb is `
` thrown back on him, hence the compound verb _was loved_ is said to be in `
` the _passive voice_. The passive voice is formed by putting the perfect `
` participle of any _transitive_ verb with any of the eleven parts of the `
` verb _To Be_. `
` `
` `
` CONJUGATION `
` `
` The _conjugation_ of a verb is its orderly arrangement in voices, moods, `
` tenses, persons and numbers. `
` `
` Here is the complete conjugation of the verb "Love"--_Active Voice_. `
` `
` `
` PRINCIPAL PARTS `
` `
` Present Past Past Participle `
` Love Loved Loved `
` `
` `
` Infinitive Mood `
` `
` To Love `
` `
` `
` Indicative Mood `
` PRESENT TENSE `
` `
` Sing. Plural `
` 1st person I love We love `
` 2nd person You love You love `
` 3rd person He loves They love `
` `
` `
` PAST TENSE `
` `
` Sing. Plural `
` 1st person I loved We loved `
` 2nd person You loved You loved `
` 3rd person He loved They loved `
` `
` `
` FUTURE TENSE `
` `
` Sing. Plural `
` 1st person I shall love They will love `
` 2nd person You will love You will love `
` 3rd person He will love We shall love `
` `
` `
` PRESENT PERFECT TENSE `
` `
` Sing. Plural `
` 1st person I have loved We have loved `
` 2nd person You have loved You have loved `
` 3rd person He has loved They have loved `
` `
` `
` PAST PERFECT TENSE `
` `
`
` A _verb_ is a word which implies action or the doing of something, or it `
` may be defined as a word which affirms, commands or asks a question. `
` `
` Thus, the words _John the table_, contain no assertion, but when the word `
` _strikes_ is introduced, something is affirmed, hence the word _strikes_ `
` is a verb and gives completeness and meaning to the group. `
` `
` The simple form of the verb without inflection is called the _root_ of `
` the verb; _e. g. love_ is the root of the verb,--"To Love." `
` `
` Verbs are _regular_ or _irregular_, _transitive_ or _intransitive_. `
` `
` A verb is said to be _regular_ when it forms the past tense by adding `
` _ed_ to the present or _d_ if the verb ends in _e_. When its past tense `
` does not end in _ed_ it is said to be _irregular_. `
` `
` A _transitive_ verb is one the action of which passes over to or affects `
` some object; as "I struck the table." Here the action of striking `
` affected the object table, hence struck is a transitive verb. `
` `
` An _intransitive_ verb is one in which the action remains with the subject; `
` as _"I walk,"_ _"I sit,"_ _"I run."_ `
` `
` Many intransitive verbs, however, can be used transitively; thus, "I _walk_ `
` the horse;" _walk_ is here transitive. `
` `
` Verbs are inflected by _number_, _person_, _tense_ and _mood_. `
` `
` _Number_ and _person_ as applied to the verb really belong to the `
` subject; they are used with the verb to denote whether the assertion is `
` made regarding one or more than one and whether it is made in reference `
` to the person speaking, the person spoken to or the person or thing `
` spoken about. `
` `
` `
` TENSE `
` `
` In their tenses verbs follow the divisions of time. They have _present `
` tense_, _past tense_ and _future tense_ with their variations to express `
` the exact time of action as to an event happening, having happened or yet `
` to happen. `
` `
` `
` MOOD `
` `
` There are four simple moods,--the _Infinitive_, the _Indicative_, the `
` _Imperative_ and the _Subjunctive_. `
` `
` The Mood of a verb denotes the mode or manner in which it is used. Thus `
` if it is used in its widest sense without reference to person or number, `
` time or place, it is in the _Infinitive_ Mood; as "To run." Here we are `
` not told who does the running, when it is done, where it is done or `
` anything about it. `
` `
` When a verb is used to indicate or declare or ask a simple question or `
` make any direct statement, it is in the _Indicative_ Mood. "The boy loves `
` his book." Here a direct statement is made concerning the boy. "Have you `
` a pin?" Here a simple question is asked which calls for an answer. `
` `
` When the verb is used to express a command or entreaty it is in the `
` _Imperative_ Mood as, "Go away." "Give me a penny." `
` `
` When the verb is used to express doubt, supposition or uncertainty or `
` when some future action depends upon a contingency, it is in the `
` subjunctive mood; as, "If I come, he shall remain." `
` `
` Many grammarians include a fifth mood called the _potential_ to express `
` _power_, _possibility_, _liberty_, _necessity_, _will_ or _duty_. It is `
` formed by means of the auxiliaries _may_, _can_, _ought_ and _must_, but `
` in all cases it can be resolved into the indicative or subjunctive. Thus, `
` in "I may write if I choose," "may write" is by some classified as in the `
` potential mood, but in reality the phrase _I may write_ is an indicative `
` one while the second clause, _if I choose_, is the expression of a `
` condition upon which, not my liberty to write, depends, but my actual `
` writing. `
` `
` Verbs have two participles, the present or imperfect, sometimes called `
` the _active_ ending in _ing_ and the past or perfect, often called the `
` _passive_, ending in _ed_ or _d_. `
` `
` The _infinitive_ expresses the sense of the verb in a substantive form, `
` the participles in an adjective form; as "To rise early is healthful." `
` "An early rising man." "The newly risen sun." `
` `
` The participle in _ing_ is frequently used as a substantive and `
` consequently is equivalent to an infinitive; thus, "To rise early is `
` healthful" and "Rising early is healthful" are the same. `
` `
` The principal parts of a verb are the Present Indicative, Past Indicative `
` and Past Participle; as: `
` `
` Love Loved Loved `
` `
` Sometimes one or more of these parts are wanting, and then the verb is `
` said to be defective. `
` `
` `
` Present Past Passive Participle `
` `
` Can Could (Wanting) `
` May Might " `
` Shall Should " `
` Will Would " `
` Ought Ought " `
` `
` `
` Verbs may also be divided into _principal_ and _auxiliary_. A _principal_ `
` verb is that without which a sentence or clause can contain no assertion `
` or affirmation. An _auxiliary_ is a verb joined to the root or participles `
` of a principal verb to express time and manner with greater precision `
` than can be done by the tenses and moods in their simple form. Thus, the `
` sentence, "I am writing an exercise; when I shall have finished it I `
` shall read it to the class." has no meaning without the principal verbs `
` _writing_, _finished read_; but the meaning is rendered more definite, `
` especially with regard to time, by the auxiliary verbs _am_, _have_, `
` _shall_. `
` `
` There are nine auxiliary or helping verbs, viz., _Be_, _have_, _do_, `
` _shall_, _will_, _may_, _can_, _ought_, and _must_. They are called `
` helping verbs, because it is by their aid the compound tenses are formed. `
` `
` `
` TO BE `
` `
` The verb _To Be_ is the most important of the auxiliary verbs. It has `
` eleven parts, viz., _am, art, is, are, was, wast, were, wert; be, being_ `
` and _been_. `
` `
` `
` VOICE `
` `
` The _active voice_ is that form of the verb which shows the Subject not `
` being acted upon but acting; as, "The cat _catches_ mice." "Charity `
` _covers_ a multitude of sins." `
` `
` The _passive voice_: When the action signified by a transitive verb is `
` thrown back upon the agent, that is to say, when the subject of the verb `
` denotes the recipient of the action, the verb is said to be in the `
` passive voice. "John was loved by his neighbors." Here John the subject `
` is also the object affected by the loving, the action of the verb is `
` thrown back on him, hence the compound verb _was loved_ is said to be in `
` the _passive voice_. The passive voice is formed by putting the perfect `
` participle of any _transitive_ verb with any of the eleven parts of the `
` verb _To Be_. `
` `
` `
` CONJUGATION `
` `
` The _conjugation_ of a verb is its orderly arrangement in voices, moods, `
` tenses, persons and numbers. `
` `
` Here is the complete conjugation of the verb "Love"--_Active Voice_. `
` `
` `
` PRINCIPAL PARTS `
` `
` Present Past Past Participle `
` Love Loved Loved `
` `
` `
` Infinitive Mood `
` `
` To Love `
` `
` `
` Indicative Mood `
` PRESENT TENSE `
` `
` Sing. Plural `
` 1st person I love We love `
` 2nd person You love You love `
` 3rd person He loves They love `
` `
` `
` PAST TENSE `
` `
` Sing. Plural `
` 1st person I loved We loved `
` 2nd person You loved You loved `
` 3rd person He loved They loved `
` `
` `
` FUTURE TENSE `
` `
` Sing. Plural `
` 1st person I shall love They will love `
` 2nd person You will love You will love `
` 3rd person He will love We shall love `
` `
` `
` PRESENT PERFECT TENSE `
` `
` Sing. Plural `
` 1st person I have loved We have loved `
` 2nd person You have loved You have loved `
` 3rd person He has loved They have loved `
` `
` `
` PAST PERFECT TENSE `
` `
`