Reading Help ECLECTIC SPELLING BOOK
Words in which the Plurals are formed irregularly. As the Plural only is `
` given, the teacher might require the pupil to ascertain the Singular, and `
` to spell it. `
` `
` mice cri'ses ter'mi ni `
` chil'dren neb'u lae a lum'ni `
` ver'te brae stra'ta syn op'ses geese `
` { kine, cows } `
` { staves, staffs} `
` { broth'ers,breth'ren } `
` { pease, peas} `
` { dies, dice} `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 139. `
` `
` Ing signifies continuing to; as talking, continuing to talk. The following `
` words, in taking their suffix, double the final letter. The last letter is `
` doubled when the word ends with a single consonant preceded by a single `
` vowel. `
` `
` plan'ning win'ning stop'ping a bet'ting `
` fret'ting blot'ting gun'ning re bel'ling `
` bid'ding rob'bing shut'ting o mit'ting `
` `
` Other words ending with consonants, which do not double the final letter. `
` `
` act'ing fail'ing mean'ing ex pand'ing `
` land'ing rain'ing coax'ing con sent'ing `
` build'ing sail'ing suit'ing vis'it ing `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 140. `
` `
` Words ending in e silent, generally drop the e in adding ing. `
` `
` mak'ing seiz'ing rul'ing ex pir'ing `
` nam'ing forc'ing lin'ing re fus'ing `
` plagu'ing hedg'ing squeez'ing in trigu'ing `
` ach'ing writ'ing schem'ing alleg'ing `
` `
` The final e is retained when it is necessary to prevent a change of `
` pronunciation, or to maintain the identity of a word. `
` `
` hoe'ing shoe'ing change'a ble `
` toe'ing singe'ing trace'able `
` tinge'ing dye'ing peace'a ble `
` foe'man blue'ness charge'a ble `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 141. `
` `
` Ed, as a suffix, generally signifies did. In words like the following the `
` e in ed is silent, and the wards, though of two and three syllables, are `
` pronounced in one and two. `
` `
` blazed wedged boiled be reaved `
` drained solved coiled be sieged' `
` hailed called soiled blas phemed' `
` lamed hauled bowed ac quired' `
` paved mauled crowned con trol1ed' `
` stowed warmed plowed a bused' `
` saved warned roused ac cused' `
` feared warped scoured com muned' `
` flowed proved soured con fused' `
` glued shoved dodged de coyed' `
` begged loved filled en joyed' `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 142. `
` `
` In words like the following, ed is pronounced as t; and, although of two `
` and three syllables, the words are pronounced in one and two. `
` `
` graced fixed es caped' at tacked' `
` scraped mixed em braced' con fessed' `
` cracked boxed en grossed' op pressed' `
` `
` In other words formed by the affix ed, the last letter is doubled in words `
` of one syllable, or in words accented on the last syllable, when they end `
` with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel; as, wed, wed'ded. If `
` the word ends in any other consonant than d or t, the e in ed becomes `
` silent, and the two syllables become one; as, hem, hemmed, pronounced `
` hemd. `
` `
` jut'ted shunned com pelled o mit'ted `
` fret'ted tapped e quipped' im bed'ded `
` fit'ted rubbed de murred' com mit'ted `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 143. `
` `
` Words not included in the ahove rule, do not double the final `
` consonant. `
` `
` act'ed failed quar'reled ex pand'ed `
` land'ed rained bar'reled mer'it ed `
` rest'ed coaxed trav'eled vis'it ed `
` `
` Y is sometimes changed into i; as cry, cried. `
` `
` cried dried mar'ried glo'ried `
` tried fried tar'ried sto'ried `
` shied spied car'ried wor'ried `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 144. `
` `
` Ar, er, and or signify one who does, or that which does; as, baker, one `
` who bakes. If the word ends in e, r only is added. After a consonant y is `
` generally changed into i. Another letter is sometimes united to the affix; `
` as law, law'yer. The final consonants are doubled, as in Lesson 142. `
` `
` beg'gar bank'er bak'er cre a'tor `
` dig'ger plant'er pa'cer cru sad'er `
` dip'per build'er pav'er dic ta'tor `
` clip'per giv'er stran'ger en grav'er `
` trot'ter 1aw'yer writ'er sur viv'or `
` los'er saw'yer boast'er be liev'er `
` woo'er read'er mourn'er ad vis'er `
` vouch'er rid'er own'er as sign'er `
` wres'tler dy'er rul'er in vei'gler `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 145. `
` `
` Words formed by the Affixes er or or. `
` `
` be gin'ner la'bor er nav'i ga tor `
` in dors'er rea'son er ded'i ca tor `
` de sert'er li'bel er cal'cu la tor `
` dis turb'er wag'on er spec'u la tor `
` u surp'er con'quer or pros'e cu tor `
` con duct'or for'eign er cul'ti va tor `
` tor ment'or cus'tom er mul'ti pli er `
` en chant'er mur'der er nu'mer a tor `
` sup port'er gov'ern or gen'er a tor `
` ag gress'or pen'sion er ra'di a tor `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 146. `
` `
` In adjectives, er is generally added to form the comparative, and est to `
` form the superlative; as, rich, richer, richest. `
` `
` strict'er fierc'est wealth'i er wor'thi est `
` broad'er slow'est greed'i er read'i est `
` bright'er gaunt'est drear'i er haugh'ti est `
` `
` Ly is an abbreviation of like; as manly for man-like, or like a man. Ly is `
` still further shortened into y; as, rock, rocky. `
` `
` bright'ly eas'y heav'i ly thor'oug ly `
` gay'ly earth'y heart'i ly might'i ly `
` no'bly speed'y read'i ly has'ti ly `
` wind'y spon'gy tar'di ly stead'i ly `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 147. `
` `
` Ness is from the Saxon nesse, and means state or quality; as, neatness, `
` state of being neat. `
` `
` bleak'ness smooth'ness come'li ness `
` fierce'ness numb'ness drow'si ness `
` hoarse'ness wrong'ness naught'i ness `
` calm'ness sweet'ness wea'ri ness `
` `
` The termination full adds its own meaning to the word; as, joyful, full of `
` joy. The final l is omitted in the derivatives. `
` `
` change'ful mourn'ful skill'ful fan'ci ful `
` fright'ful woe'ful will'ful pit'i ful `
` spite'ful wrath'ful aw'ful du'ti ful `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 148. `
` `
` The termination less gives a negative meaning to the derivative; as `
` graceless, without grace. `
` `
` brain'less sight'less friend'less worth'less `
` cease'less soul'less head'less house'less `
` guile'less friut'less guilt'less noise'less `
` `
` The affix age signifies the pay for, a state of being, or composed of; as `
` cartage, the pay for carting. `
` `
` mar'riage fer'ri age vag'a bond age `
` herb'age her'mit age dis ad van'tage `
` wharf'age pat'ron age es'pi on age `
`
` given, the teacher might require the pupil to ascertain the Singular, and `
` to spell it. `
` `
` mice cri'ses ter'mi ni `
` chil'dren neb'u lae a lum'ni `
` ver'te brae stra'ta syn op'ses geese `
` { kine, cows } `
` { staves, staffs} `
` { broth'ers,breth'ren } `
` { pease, peas} `
` { dies, dice} `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 139. `
` `
` Ing signifies continuing to; as talking, continuing to talk. The following `
` words, in taking their suffix, double the final letter. The last letter is `
` doubled when the word ends with a single consonant preceded by a single `
` vowel. `
` `
` plan'ning win'ning stop'ping a bet'ting `
` fret'ting blot'ting gun'ning re bel'ling `
` bid'ding rob'bing shut'ting o mit'ting `
` `
` Other words ending with consonants, which do not double the final letter. `
` `
` act'ing fail'ing mean'ing ex pand'ing `
` land'ing rain'ing coax'ing con sent'ing `
` build'ing sail'ing suit'ing vis'it ing `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 140. `
` `
` Words ending in e silent, generally drop the e in adding ing. `
` `
` mak'ing seiz'ing rul'ing ex pir'ing `
` nam'ing forc'ing lin'ing re fus'ing `
` plagu'ing hedg'ing squeez'ing in trigu'ing `
` ach'ing writ'ing schem'ing alleg'ing `
` `
` The final e is retained when it is necessary to prevent a change of `
` pronunciation, or to maintain the identity of a word. `
` `
` hoe'ing shoe'ing change'a ble `
` toe'ing singe'ing trace'able `
` tinge'ing dye'ing peace'a ble `
` foe'man blue'ness charge'a ble `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 141. `
` `
` Ed, as a suffix, generally signifies did. In words like the following the `
` e in ed is silent, and the wards, though of two and three syllables, are `
` pronounced in one and two. `
` `
` blazed wedged boiled be reaved `
` drained solved coiled be sieged' `
` hailed called soiled blas phemed' `
` lamed hauled bowed ac quired' `
` paved mauled crowned con trol1ed' `
` stowed warmed plowed a bused' `
` saved warned roused ac cused' `
` feared warped scoured com muned' `
` flowed proved soured con fused' `
` glued shoved dodged de coyed' `
` begged loved filled en joyed' `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 142. `
` `
` In words like the following, ed is pronounced as t; and, although of two `
` and three syllables, the words are pronounced in one and two. `
` `
` graced fixed es caped' at tacked' `
` scraped mixed em braced' con fessed' `
` cracked boxed en grossed' op pressed' `
` `
` In other words formed by the affix ed, the last letter is doubled in words `
` of one syllable, or in words accented on the last syllable, when they end `
` with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel; as, wed, wed'ded. If `
` the word ends in any other consonant than d or t, the e in ed becomes `
` silent, and the two syllables become one; as, hem, hemmed, pronounced `
` hemd. `
` `
` jut'ted shunned com pelled o mit'ted `
` fret'ted tapped e quipped' im bed'ded `
` fit'ted rubbed de murred' com mit'ted `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 143. `
` `
` Words not included in the ahove rule, do not double the final `
` consonant. `
` `
` act'ed failed quar'reled ex pand'ed `
` land'ed rained bar'reled mer'it ed `
` rest'ed coaxed trav'eled vis'it ed `
` `
` Y is sometimes changed into i; as cry, cried. `
` `
` cried dried mar'ried glo'ried `
` tried fried tar'ried sto'ried `
` shied spied car'ried wor'ried `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 144. `
` `
` Ar, er, and or signify one who does, or that which does; as, baker, one `
` who bakes. If the word ends in e, r only is added. After a consonant y is `
` generally changed into i. Another letter is sometimes united to the affix; `
` as law, law'yer. The final consonants are doubled, as in Lesson 142. `
` `
` beg'gar bank'er bak'er cre a'tor `
` dig'ger plant'er pa'cer cru sad'er `
` dip'per build'er pav'er dic ta'tor `
` clip'per giv'er stran'ger en grav'er `
` trot'ter 1aw'yer writ'er sur viv'or `
` los'er saw'yer boast'er be liev'er `
` woo'er read'er mourn'er ad vis'er `
` vouch'er rid'er own'er as sign'er `
` wres'tler dy'er rul'er in vei'gler `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 145. `
` `
` Words formed by the Affixes er or or. `
` `
` be gin'ner la'bor er nav'i ga tor `
` in dors'er rea'son er ded'i ca tor `
` de sert'er li'bel er cal'cu la tor `
` dis turb'er wag'on er spec'u la tor `
` u surp'er con'quer or pros'e cu tor `
` con duct'or for'eign er cul'ti va tor `
` tor ment'or cus'tom er mul'ti pli er `
` en chant'er mur'der er nu'mer a tor `
` sup port'er gov'ern or gen'er a tor `
` ag gress'or pen'sion er ra'di a tor `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 146. `
` `
` In adjectives, er is generally added to form the comparative, and est to `
` form the superlative; as, rich, richer, richest. `
` `
` strict'er fierc'est wealth'i er wor'thi est `
` broad'er slow'est greed'i er read'i est `
` bright'er gaunt'est drear'i er haugh'ti est `
` `
` Ly is an abbreviation of like; as manly for man-like, or like a man. Ly is `
` still further shortened into y; as, rock, rocky. `
` `
` bright'ly eas'y heav'i ly thor'oug ly `
` gay'ly earth'y heart'i ly might'i ly `
` no'bly speed'y read'i ly has'ti ly `
` wind'y spon'gy tar'di ly stead'i ly `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 147. `
` `
` Ness is from the Saxon nesse, and means state or quality; as, neatness, `
` state of being neat. `
` `
` bleak'ness smooth'ness come'li ness `
` fierce'ness numb'ness drow'si ness `
` hoarse'ness wrong'ness naught'i ness `
` calm'ness sweet'ness wea'ri ness `
` `
` The termination full adds its own meaning to the word; as, joyful, full of `
` joy. The final l is omitted in the derivatives. `
` `
` change'ful mourn'ful skill'ful fan'ci ful `
` fright'ful woe'ful will'ful pit'i ful `
` spite'ful wrath'ful aw'ful du'ti ful `
` `
` `
` `
` Lesson 148. `
` `
` The termination less gives a negative meaning to the derivative; as `
` graceless, without grace. `
` `
` brain'less sight'less friend'less worth'less `
` cease'less soul'less head'less house'less `
` guile'less friut'less guilt'less noise'less `
` `
` The affix age signifies the pay for, a state of being, or composed of; as `
` cartage, the pay for carting. `
` `
` mar'riage fer'ri age vag'a bond age `
` herb'age her'mit age dis ad van'tage `
` wharf'age pat'ron age es'pi on age `
`